{"id":198,"date":"2024-09-16T20:07:21","date_gmt":"2024-09-16T23:07:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/?p=198"},"modified":"2024-09-16T20:11:27","modified_gmt":"2024-09-16T23:11:27","slug":"a-massa-do-nucleo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/index.php\/2024\/09\/16\/a-massa-do-nucleo\/","title":{"rendered":"A massa do n\u00facleo"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Assim como o raio, a massa do n\u00facleo \u00e9 uma importante grandeza a ser obtida para cada is\u00f3topo dispon\u00edvel. Conhecer as massas nucleares permite aprofundar o entendimento acerca da estrutura dos n\u00facleos, sua estabilidade, abund\u00e2ncias, etc. As massas nucleares tamb\u00e9m desempenham papel fundamental no entendimento do balan\u00e7o energ\u00e9tico em rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Medidas de massas nucleares com elevada precis\u00e3o necessitam de aparatos experimentais sofisticados. Em geral, espectr\u00f4metros de massa de alta precis\u00e3o s\u00e3o utilizados. Na figura 1 vemos um esquema t\u00edpico de um espectr\u00f4metro de massa. A figura 2 mostra uma foto de um espectr\u00f4metro de massa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"990\" height=\"562\" src=\"http:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/spectrometry.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-199\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/spectrometry.jpg 990w, https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/spectrometry-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/spectrometry-768x436.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 990px) 100vw, 990px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figura 1 &#8211; Espectr\u00f4metro de massa t\u00edpico (Introductory Nuclear Physics, K. S. Krane).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" src=\"http:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1_mv_accelerator_mass_spectrometer.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1_mv_accelerator_mass_spectrometer.jpg 800w, https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1_mv_accelerator_mass_spectrometer-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/1_mv_accelerator_mass_spectrometer-768x509.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figura 2 &#8211; Foto de um espectr\u00f4metro de massa.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Um espectr\u00f4metro t\u00edpico consiste de uma fonte de \u00edons, da qual os elementos que ser\u00e3o analisados s\u00e3o extra\u00eddos e acelerados. A medida de uma massa nuclear consiste na medida do momento desses \u00edons e de suas velocidades. A correla\u00e7\u00e3o entre momento e velocidade permite a determina\u00e7\u00e3o da massa. Em geral a medida de velocidade \u00e9 feita utilizando um filtro composto de campos el\u00e9tricos e magn\u00e9ticos, alinhados de modo que a for\u00e7a de Lorentz (<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e07f85d943df8268a12bdd7432b7cbd6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#118;&#101;&#99;&#123;&#70;&#125;&#61;&#113;&#40;&#92;&#118;&#101;&#99;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#43;&#92;&#118;&#101;&#99;&#123;&#118;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#105;&#109;&#101;&#115;&#92;&#118;&#101;&#99;&#123;&#66;&#125;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"24\" width=\"148\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>) seja nula apenas para uma velocidade selecionada pelo aparato. Na figura 1, o filtro de velocidades utilizado \u00e9 o filtro de Wien, no qual a for\u00e7a de Lorentz \u00e9 nula se: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8877158f29fb20ba39dd189126c0dae2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#118;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#69;&#125;&#123;&#66;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"23\" width=\"49\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\"\/> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A medida de momento \u00e9 feita, em geral, utilizando-se campos magn\u00e9ticos. Um campo magn\u00e9tico uniforme faz com que uma part\u00edcula de velocidade <em>v<\/em> percorra uma trajet\u00f3ria circular cujo raio vale: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b5bd7721b8d0c312bc464f479623081a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#113;&#118;&#66;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#109;&#118;&#94;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#82;&#125;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#111;&#119;&#32;&#82;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#109;&#118;&#125;&#123;&#113;&#66;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"28\" width=\"183\" style=\"vertical-align: -9px;\"\/> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Um detector sens\u00edvel \u00e0 posi\u00e7\u00e3o, na sa\u00edda do espectr\u00f4metro, permite determinar a posi\u00e7\u00e3o de sa\u00edda da part\u00edcula e, consequentemente, o raio da trajet\u00f3ria. Conhecendo a velocidade do seletor e a carga do feixe, pode-se obter as massas das part\u00edculas que o comp\u00f5e com elevada precis\u00e3o. A figura 3 mostra espectro de massa para o chumbo natural. Al\u00e9m de permitir a medida de massa com elevada precis\u00e3o, permite a medida das abund\u00e2ncias relativas de cada is\u00f3topo. Hoje em dia \u00e9 poss\u00edvel realizar medidas de massa com precis\u00e3o de 1ppm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"313\" src=\"http:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/thomasfig2.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-201\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figura 3 &#8211; Espectro de massa para chumbo natural. Figura retirada <a href=\"http:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/subscribe\/journals\/tcaw\/11\/i01\/html\/allthomas.html\">desse site<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A massa de um n\u00facleo \u00e9 sempre menor que a massa de seus constituintes. A diferen\u00e7a entre a massa de seus constituintes e a massa do n\u00facleo \u00e9 denominada de energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o do n\u00facleo. Em f\u00edsica at\u00f4mica, a energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o dos el\u00e9trons \u00e9 muito pequena (alguns eV a poucas centenas de eV) se comparada \u00e0 massa do \u00e1tomo. Nesse caso, a energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 usualmente desprezada no c\u00e1lculo da massa at\u00f4mica. No caso da f\u00edsica nuclear a energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o \u00e9 desprez\u00edvel, constituindo uma fra\u00e7\u00e3o significativa da massa total do n\u00facleo. Assim a partir da defini\u00e7\u00e3o de energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o, podemos escrev\u00ea-la, para um n\u00facleo contendo <em>Z<\/em> pr\u00f3tons e <em>(A-Z)<\/em> n\u00eautrons, como: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-00b9724b298fd488a7b1b34ec2193471_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#66;&#40;&#90;&#44;&#65;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#90;&#109;&#95;&#112;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#40;&#65;&#45;&#90;&#41;&#109;&#95;&#110;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#32;&#45;&#109;&#95;&#123;&#40;&#65;&#44;&#90;&#41;&#125;&#99;&#94;&#50;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"25\" width=\"369\" style=\"vertical-align: -8px;\"\/> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Essa rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre massa e energia pode ser utilizada para realizar medidas de massa usando rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares. Seja uma rea\u00e7\u00e3o: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-45c7223c626ce30496034586f0c17030_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#66;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#111;&#119;&#32;&#67;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#68;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"134\" style=\"vertical-align: -2px;\"\/><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aplicando a conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia nas part\u00edculas antes e depois da rea\u00e7\u00e3o, temos: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7362e8c2cb0e44a652a6381202022580_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#84;&#95;&#65;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#109;&#95;&#65;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#84;&#95;&#66;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#109;&#95;&#66;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#84;&#95;&#67;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#109;&#95;&#67;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#84;&#95;&#68;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#109;&#95;&#68;&#99;&#94;&#50;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"20\" width=\"436\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">onde <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ece43a09b516ee535970537a4e54a73c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#84;&#95;&#105;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/> e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fc16c8ee214090f117ab7ff6239cb504_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#109;&#95;&#105;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"21\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/> correspondem a energia cin\u00e9tica e massa da part\u00edcula <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-299289f085d0706bdefa9bbba17ee7ec_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#105;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"12\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>. Reagrupando a equa\u00e7\u00e3o (4), define-se o valor <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7fda930d48d5210bc920fedcf6a56190_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"\/> da rea\u00e7\u00e3o como sendo: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ab63641a19cbb712e20b8e444b31a751_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#40;&#84;&#95;&#67;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#84;&#95;&#68;&#41;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#40;&#84;&#95;&#65;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#84;&#95;&#66;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#40;&#109;&#95;&#65;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#109;&#95;&#66;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#41;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#40;&#109;&#95;&#67;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#109;&#95;&#68;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"534\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(5)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ou seja, medindo-se as energias cin\u00e9ticas das part\u00edculas e conhecendo-se a massa de pelo menos tr\u00eas dessas part\u00edculas, a massa da quarta part\u00edcula fica determinada. O valor <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7fda930d48d5210bc920fedcf6a56190_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"\/> tem import\u00e2ncia \u00edmpar no estudo de rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares. Por exemplo, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2660d5789b4107ba0c318ee486cadb57_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#62;&#48;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"49\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"\/> indica que parte da massa do sistema foi convertida em energia cin\u00e9tica. Nesse caso, diz-se que a rea\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 exot\u00e9rmica. Se <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-16fa07ff0fdd7a003649c2a78f2dd3e0_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#60;&#48;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"49\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"\/> parte da energia cin\u00e9tica foi convertida em massa, indicando uma rea\u00e7\u00e3o endot\u00e9rmica. Usando a equa\u00e7\u00e3o (3), podemos escrever o valor <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7fda930d48d5210bc920fedcf6a56190_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"\/> em termos de energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o, supondo que haja conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00famero de pr\u00f3tons e n\u00eautrons, como: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5223ccdf3d58855923779180edfc0b8d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#40;&#66;&#95;&#67;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#66;&#95;&#68;&#41;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#40;&#66;&#95;&#65;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#66;&#95;&#66;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"243\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(6)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Outra maneira de representar massas \u00e9 atrav\u00e9s de uma grandeza chamada &#8220;excesso de massa&#8221;. Para um n\u00facleo qualquer, o excesso de massa \u00e9 definido como: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0c1d14f60de988ea33514ead74a21ea8_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#68;&#101;&#108;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#109;&#40;&#97;&#46;&#109;&#46;&#117;&#41;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#65;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"156\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(7)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">nesse caso, a massa \u00e9 dada em unidades de massa at\u00f4mica (a.m.u.), sendo 1 a.m.u = m(<sup>12<\/sup>C)\/12. Por defini\u00e7\u00e3o, o excesso de massa do <sup>12<\/sup>C \u00e9 zero. Aplicando (7) em (5), podemos escrever que o valor <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7fda930d48d5210bc920fedcf6a56190_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"\/> de uma rea\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m pode ser escrito como, caso o n\u00famero de pr\u00f3tons e n\u00eautrons se conservem: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-776027f072e863d471693525d53a9146_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#40;&#92;&#68;&#101;&#108;&#116;&#97;&#95;&#65;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#92;&#68;&#101;&#108;&#116;&#97;&#95;&#66;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#41;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#40;&#92;&#68;&#101;&#108;&#116;&#97;&#95;&#67;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#92;&#68;&#101;&#108;&#116;&#97;&#95;&#68;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"314\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(8)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A raz\u00e3o para escrever o valor <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7fda930d48d5210bc920fedcf6a56190_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"\/> em termos de energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o ou em termos de excesso de massa (ou at\u00e9 mesmo a.m.u.) vem do fato de que algumas tabelas de massas de nucl\u00eddeos apresentarem uma ou outra grandeza. Tabelas com excesso de massa s\u00e3o, contudo, muito comuns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vamos, por exemplo, olhar a seguinte rea\u00e7\u00e3o de fus\u00e3o entre deut\u00earon e tr\u00edtio, formando h\u00e9lio e um neutron: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c29a46ebe7ab7e8d9a1dbdd5e2024abc_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#100;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#116;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#111;&#119;&#32;&#72;&#101;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#110;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"15\" width=\"129\" style=\"vertical-align: -2px;\"\/><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consultando uma tabela de massas, temos <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b74c340a0d833e1c63af8ebca07e9422_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#109;&#95;&#100;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#50;&#46;&#48;&#49;&#52;&#49;&#48;&#50;&#40;&#97;&#46;&#109;&#46;&#117;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"181\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b3aa4b72fa6a52f992441e76a01f1912_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#109;&#95;&#116;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#51;&#46;&#48;&#49;&#54;&#48;&#52;&#57;&#40;&#97;&#46;&#109;&#46;&#117;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"179\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b316f55c941a0a40d1c78f5e4452abc6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#109;&#95;&#123;&#72;&#101;&#125;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#52;&#46;&#48;&#48;&#50;&#54;&#48;&#50;&#40;&#97;&#46;&#109;&#46;&#117;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"193\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dd3dffc2c55fcdbf04677eeee499f78f_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#109;&#95;&#110;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#49;&#46;&#48;&#48;&#56;&#54;&#54;&#53;&#40;&#97;&#46;&#109;&#46;&#117;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"182\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>. Sabendo que <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4f1c4c67c9010701a27a1bb855de1414_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#49;&#40;&#97;&#46;&#109;&#46;&#117;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#57;&#51;&#49;&#46;&#53;&#48;&#50;&#77;&#101;&#86;&#47;&#99;&#94;&#50;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"223\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>, o valor <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7fda930d48d5210bc920fedcf6a56190_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"14\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\"\/> da rea\u00e7\u00e3o acima \u00e9: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fe32a5b54d4c95ff26fb8b0f4f230618_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#81;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#40;&#109;&#95;&#100;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#43;&#109;&#95;&#116;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#41;&#45;&#40;&#109;&#95;&#123;&#72;&#101;&#125;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#43;&#109;&#95;&#110;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#48;&#46;&#48;&#49;&#56;&#56;&#56;&#52;&#40;&#97;&#46;&#109;&#46;&#117;&#41;&#99;&#94;&#50;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#49;&#55;&#46;&#53;&#56;&#57;&#53;&#53;&#77;&#101;&#86;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"629\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ou seja, cada rea\u00e7\u00e3o desse tipo tem o potencial de liberar ~ 17.6 MeV de energia. Essa \u00e9 considerada uma rea\u00e7\u00e3o importante em processos de fus\u00e3o para gera\u00e7\u00e3o de energia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Olhando a equa\u00e7\u00e3o (6) logo conclu\u00edmos que rea\u00e7\u00f5es que liberam energia s\u00e3o aquelas que geram um sistema de maior energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o, ou seja, um sistema mais fortemente ligado, mais est\u00e1vel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"696\" height=\"472\" src=\"http:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/energialigacao.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/energialigacao.png 696w, https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/energialigacao-300x203.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figura 4 &#8211; Energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o por nucleon para os n\u00facleos conhecidos (G. Audi and A.H. Wapstra Experimental Mass Data, Nucl. Phys. A565, 1 (1993)).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A figura 4 mostra a energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o por nucleon para todos os n\u00facleos conhecidos com massas medidas (G. Audi and A.H. Wapstra Experimental Mass Data, Nucl. Phys. A565, 1 (1993)). A primeira conclus\u00e3o que chegamos \u00e9 que n\u00facleos com A ~ 50-60 possuem maior energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o por nucleon, ou seja, s\u00e3o aqueles mais est\u00e1veis, na regi\u00e3o do ferro. Olhando essa figura, somos induzidos a concluir que as rea\u00e7\u00f5es exot\u00e9rmicas mais comuns para n\u00facleos leves (A &lt; ferro) \u00e9 a fus\u00e3o enquanto para n\u00facleos pesados (A > ferro) \u00e9 a fiss\u00e3o. Isso explica porque estrelas liberam energia atrav\u00e9s da fus\u00e3o nuclear proporcionada pela press\u00e3o gravitacional e que a fus\u00e3o deixa de ser um processo vi\u00e1vel para uma estrela quando os seus constituintes s\u00e3o predominantemente n\u00facleos na regi\u00e3o do ferro, gerando o seu colapso e, em alguns casos, explos\u00e3o em Supernova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Com base nas evid\u00eancias sobre a depend\u00eancia do raio nuclear com o <em>A<sup>1\/3<\/sup><\/em> e na energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o por nucleon ser aproximadamente constante para n\u00facleos mais pesados, n\u00e3o demorou muito para ser feita a analogia entre o n\u00facleo e uma gota l\u00edquida, principalmente por conta das intera\u00e7\u00f5es moleculares serem residuais, do tipo Van der Waals, fazendo com que as mol\u00e9culas interajam apenas com as vizinhas mais pr\u00f3ximas, tornando a energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o total de uma gota proporcional ao n\u00famero de mol\u00e9culas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nos anos de 1930 Weizsacker prop\u00f4s um modelo emp\u00edrico para o n\u00facleo com base na estrutura de uma gota l\u00edquida. Esse modelo se mostrou razoavelmente satisfat\u00f3rio para explicar as massas nucleares e estabilidade nuclear. Falha, contudo, em explicar v\u00e1rias propriedades eletromagn\u00e9ticas e qu\u00e2nticas do n\u00facleo. Contudo, devido \u00e0 sua simplicidade ainda \u00e9 bastante utilizado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No modelo da gota l\u00edquida, podemos escrever que a massa do n\u00facleo corresponde \u00e0 massa das suas &#8220;mol\u00e9culas&#8221; constituintes (massa dos pr\u00f3tons e neutrons) subtraida termos que descrevem a sua energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o, conforme a equa\u00e7\u00e3o (3), separada em v\u00e1rias componentes. Assim, segundo o modelo da gota l\u00edquida, a energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o de um n\u00facleo vale: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-eaebb9f2641679d1d13a07783fc65536_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#66;&#40;&#65;&#44;&#90;&#41;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#97;&#95;&#118;&#32;&#65;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#97;&#95;&#115;&#32;&#65;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#47;&#51;&#125;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#97;&#95;&#99;&#32;&#90;&#94;&#50;&#65;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#49;&#47;&#51;&#125;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#97;&#95;&#97;&#32;&#40;&#65;&#45;&#50;&#90;&#41;&#94;&#50;&#65;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#49;&#125;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#92;&#100;&#101;&#108;&#116;&#97;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"23\" width=\"502\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(9)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dependendo do texto adotado, h\u00e1 pequenas diferen\u00e7as entre f\u00f3rmulas de massa apresentadas. Isso resulta em coeficientes ligeiramente diferentes. Prestem aten\u00e7ao! A f\u00f3rmula mostrada acima \u00e9 a mesma apresentada no <em>Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics<\/em>, N. A. Jelley. Vamos olhar cada termo separadamente:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>o termo <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4980191ef0513b943405765c1fb0bdf4_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#97;&#95;&#118;&#32;&#65;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"32\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>, denominado termo de volume, vem do fato que, em primeira aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o, principalmente para n\u00facleos mais pesados, podemos assumir que a energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 proporcional ao n\u00famero de constituintes do n\u00facleo. Esse termo sugere que a for\u00e7a nuclear \u00e9 de curto alcance, pois a energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o por nucleon \u00e9 constante, o que significa que cada nucleon interage apenas com os seus vizinhos mais pr\u00f3ximos. Se a for\u00e7a nuclear fosse de longo alcance como, por exemplo, a coulombiana, seria esperado que cada nucleon interagisse com (A-1) nucleons, tornando esse termo proporcional a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-366e1b4a91966615042c229db65f3e9b_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;&#40;&#65;&#45;&#49;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"73\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>o termo <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6b09dbd1186add51f4d80b7ba47e1971_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#97;&#95;&#115;&#32;&#65;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#47;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"53\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>, chamado de termo de superf\u00edcie, tamb\u00e9m vem da analogia com uma gota l\u00edquida, na qual as part\u00edculas da superf\u00edcie da gota estariam menos ligadas que as do seu interior. Como a \u00e1rea da superf\u00edcie \u00e9 proporcional ao raio ao quadrado, o termo de superf\u00edcie, que diminui a energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o, seria proporcional \u00e0 <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-67fcd6bd11a9acbebdb9bf9554c29df9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#65;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#47;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"18\" width=\"35\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>o termo <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-814bb720290736c51337de88e8ca84a6_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#97;&#95;&#99;&#32;&#90;&#94;&#50;&#65;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#49;&#47;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"85\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>, demominado termo coulombiano, surge da presen\u00e7a de pr\u00f3tons no interior do n\u00facleo. Como a carga dos pr\u00f3tons \u00e9 positiva, h\u00e1 uma repuls\u00e3o entre eles, diminuindo a energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o. Em uma esfera uniformemente carregada, a energia coulobiana \u00e9 proporcional \u00e0 carga ao quadrado e inversamente proporcional ao raio da esfera. Por isso surge esse termo.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>o termo <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a24b8bf4ad1847ca7488974f4cca4511_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#97;&#95;&#97;&#32;&#40;&#65;&#45;&#50;&#90;&#41;&#94;&#50;&#65;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"134\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/>, denominado termo de assimetria, surge devido ao fato de n\u00facleos serem formados por pr\u00f3tons e neutrons. Se tom\u00e1ssemos apenas os termos acima, a energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o seria m\u00e1xima se Z = 0. N\u00facleos possuem carga, \u00e9 um fato. Esse termo surge por conta da estrutura interna dos n\u00facleos necessitar que haja um certo balan\u00e7o entre pr\u00f3tons e neutrons. Esse balan\u00e7o ficar\u00e1 mais claro quando discutirmos o modelo de g\u00e1s de Fermi para o n\u00facleo. Se houver uma assimetria muito grande entre pr\u00f3tons e neutrons, haver\u00e1 muitos nucleons acima do n\u00edvel de Fermi do sistema, diminuindo sua estabilidade. Assim, esse termo deve ser proporcional a <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f55787d4e4964f21dbcf30576c0b35dd_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#40;&#90;&#45;&#78;&#41;&#94;&#50;&#32;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#111;&#119;&#32;&#40;&#65;&#45;&#50;&#90;&#41;&#94;&#50;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"22\" width=\"187\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\"\/> e inversamente proporcional ao volume, ou seja, <em>A<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>o termo <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-d4f75c7e71f838307cbf174cd312f348_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#100;&#101;&#108;&#116;&#97;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/>, chamado de termo de emparelhamento, surge da observa\u00e7\u00e3o experimental que o acoplamento entre dois pr\u00f3tons ou entre dois n\u00eautrons \u00e9 maior que entre um pr\u00f3ton e um n\u00eautron, tornando n\u00facleos mais ou menos est\u00e1veis. Veja um exemplo na figura 5. Isso est\u00e1 relacionado \u00e0 acoplamento entre os spins desses nucleons. Assim, esse termo \u00e9 composto da seguinte forma:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f05cb3fb700e671509fb2725f2a8e83a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#100;&#101;&#108;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#43;&#32;&#97;&#95;&#112;&#32;&#65;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#47;&#52;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"24\" width=\"113\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\"\/> para n\u00facleos com N e Z \u00edmpares, ou seja, A par.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0f0c54a3d65b6d2884b5dd7f46cca3c1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#100;&#101;&#108;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#61;&#48;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"14\" width=\"43\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> para n\u00facleos com A \u00edmpar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-882b17533594e35b5bca24b4d0c64bde_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#100;&#101;&#108;&#116;&#97;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#45;&#32;&#97;&#95;&#112;&#32;&#65;&#94;&#123;&#45;&#51;&#47;&#52;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"24\" width=\"113\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\"\/> para n\u00facleos com N e Z pares, ou seja, A par.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"696\" height=\"472\" src=\"http:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/massaparimpar.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/massaparimpar.png 696w, https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/massaparimpar-300x203.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figura 5 &#8211; Efeito do termo de emparelhamento na massa nuclear.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os par\u00e2metros <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-62431e364e4dd10d9fef84852b356d13_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#97;&#95;&#105;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"11\" width=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/> s\u00e3o obtidos a partir de ajustes aos dados experimentais para massas nucleares. Um exemplo \u00e9 mostrado na figura 6. Um bom ajuste resulta em <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-09b338546af12448793e67ffcae83f9d_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#97;&#95;&#118;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#49;&#53;&#46;&#56;&#92;&#44;&#77;&#101;&#86;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"124\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-843e3803b7fec14bc64a8763a9178dee_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#97;&#95;&#115;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#49;&#56;&#46;&#48;&#92;&#44;&#77;&#101;&#86;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"123\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5e1be633934feb7c52d532bff2156ce3_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#97;&#95;&#99;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#48;&#46;&#55;&#50;&#92;&#44;&#77;&#101;&#86;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"123\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-56e88af0df7f13cd984a826a55248d87_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#97;&#95;&#97;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#50;&#51;&#46;&#53;&#92;&#44;&#77;&#101;&#86;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"124\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/> e <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a8c1d81b66889c47249a85143f974835_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#97;&#95;&#112;&#32;&#61;&#32;&#51;&#51;&#46;&#53;&#92;&#44;&#77;&#101;&#86;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"124\" style=\"vertical-align: -6px;\"\/> (Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics, N. A. Jelley), apesar de outros conjuntos de par\u00e2metros fornecerem resultados satisfat\u00f3rios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"339\" height=\"426\" src=\"http:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/be_a_e.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-204\" srcset=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/be_a_e.jpg 339w, https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/be_a_e-239x300.jpg 239w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 339px) 100vw, 339px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figura 6 &#8211; Modelo da gota l\u00edquida ajustado \u00e0s massas de n\u00facleos est\u00e1veis. Retirado <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kutl.kyushu-u.ac.jp\/seminar\/MicroWorld3_E\/3Part2_E\/3P24_E\/liquid_drop_model_E.htm\">dessa pagina<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exerc\u00edcios<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Deduza a express\u00e3o para a energia coulombiana de uma esfera uniformemente carregada de carga <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f08167f2d2c0af0727cc845527febae1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#90;&#101;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"22\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\"\/> e raio <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a4872e9e673381beecb8c01188bd8d5e_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#114;&#95;&#48;&#65;&#94;&#123;&#49;&#47;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"21\" width=\"52\" style=\"vertical-align: -3px;\"\/>. Compare com o termo coulombiano do modelo da gota l\u00edquida.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A partir das massas conhecidas para os n\u00facleos <sup>15<\/sup>O e <sup>15<\/sup>N, compute a diferen\u00e7a de energia de liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre eles. Assumindo que essa diferen\u00e7a de energia seja devida somente \u00e0 repuls\u00e3o coulombiana, calcule os raios nucleares desses n\u00facleos.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>O n\u00facleo de <sup>8<\/sup>Be \u00e9 inst\u00e1vel e quebra em duas part\u00edculas \u03b1. Explique porqu\u00ea?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dica: consulte o site <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nndc.bnl.gov\/chart\/\">http:\/\/www.nndc.bnl.gov\/chart\/<\/a> para informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre nucl\u00eddeos em geral.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Leitura recomendada<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introductory Nuclear Physics, Krane, cap\u00edtulo 3.2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 F\u00edsica Nuclear, Schechter e Bertulani, cap\u00edtulo 3.3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics, N. A. Jelley, cap\u00edtulo 2.1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Assim como o raio, a massa do n\u00facleo \u00e9 uma importante grandeza a ser obtida para cada is\u00f3topo dispon\u00edvel. Conhecer as massas nucleares permite aprofundar o entendimento acerca da estrutura dos n\u00facleos, sua estabilidade, abund\u00e2ncias, etc. As massas nucleares tamb\u00e9m desempenham papel fundamental no entendimento do balan\u00e7o energ\u00e9tico em rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-198","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-notas_nuclear"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"suaide","author_link":"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/index.php\/author\/suaide\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Assim como o raio, a massa do n\u00facleo \u00e9 uma importante grandeza a ser obtida para cada is\u00f3topo dispon\u00edvel. Conhecer as massas nucleares permite aprofundar o entendimento acerca da estrutura dos n\u00facleos, sua estabilidade, abund\u00e2ncias, etc. As massas nucleares tamb\u00e9m desempenham papel fundamental no entendimento do balan\u00e7o energ\u00e9tico em rea\u00e7\u00f5es nucleares.","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=198"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":207,"href":"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/198\/revisions\/207"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=198"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=198"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/picard.if.usp.br\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}